Publications

Our Publications

The communication of our research results is a major concern for us. That is the reason why you will find a detailed overview of our publications.

To the complete list of publications since 2001

Our Study Results

Accuracy of blood glucose meters
Accuracy of CGM systems
Other CGM studies
1. Hermanns N, Ehrmann D, Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Waldenmaier D, Calhoun P. Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Can Predict Severe Hypoglycemia in People with Type 1 Diabetes: Combined Analysis of the HypoDE and DIAMOND Trials. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022 Sep;24(9):603-610.
2. Freckmann G, Schauer S, Beltzer A, Waldenmaier D, Buck S, Baumstark A, Jendrike N, Link M, Zschornack E, Haug C, Pleus S. Continuous Glucose Profiles in Healthy People With Fixed Meal Times and Under Everyday Life Conditions. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 Jul 25:19322968221113341.
3. Waldenmaier D, Freckmann G, Pleus S, Hermanns N, Ehrmann D, Heinemann L, Haug C. Therapy adjustments in people with type 1 diabetes with impaired hypoglycemia awareness on multiple daily injections using real-time continuous glucose monitoring: a mechanistic analysis of the HypoDE study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021 Apr;9(1):e001848.
4. Schlüter S, Freckmann G, Heinemann L, Wintergerst P, Lange K. Evaluation of the SPECTRUM training programme for real-time continuous glucose monitoring: A real-world multicentre prospective study in 120 adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2021 Feb;38(2):e14467.
5. Schlüter S, Freckmann G, Wernsing M, Roelver K, Joerdening M, Holder M, Lange K. Entwicklung und psychometrische Evaluation eines herstellerunabhängigen Wissenstests zum kontinuierlichen Glukosemonitoring in Echtzeit für insulinbehandelte Menschen mit Diabetes. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2021.
6. Schlüter S, Freckmann G, Heinemann L, Wintergerst P, Lange K. Evaluierung des SPECTRUM-Schulungs- und Behandlungsprogramms zum rtCGM: eine multizentrische, prospektive Studie aus der Praxis bei 120 Erwachsenen mit Diabetes. Diabetes Stoffwechsel und Herz, Band 30, 2/2021:85-94.
7. Oliver N, Gimenez M, Calhoun P, Cohen N, Moscardo V, Hermanns N, Freckmann G, Reddy M, Heinemann L. Continuous Glucose Monitoring in People With Type 1 Diabetes on Multiple-Dose Injection Therapy: The Relationship Between Glycemic Control and Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(1):53-58.
8. Hermanns N, Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Waldenmaier D, Ehrmann D. Impact of CGM on the Management of Hypoglycemia Problems: Overview and Secondary Analysis of the HypoDE Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019 Jul;13(4):636-644.
9. Ehrmann D, Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Waldenmaier D, Faber-Heinemann G, Hermanns N. The Effects and Effect Sizes of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Patient-Reported Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis of the HypoDE Study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2019 Feb;21(2):86-93.
10. Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Ehrmann D, Faber-Heinemann G, Guerra S, Waldenmaier D, Hermanns N. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes and impaired hypoglycaemia awareness or severe hypoglycaemia treated with multiple daily insulin injections (HypoDE): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018 Apr 7;391(10128):1367-1377.
Insulin pumps
Usability Testing
1. Beltzer A, Kölle J, Gil Miró M, Pleus S, Krauss C, Haug C, Safary E, Vetter B, Freckmann G. Benefits of Usability Evaluation in the Development Process of Diabetes Technologies Using the Example of a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Prototype.","J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 Mar 13:19322968241238146. doi: 10.1177/19322968241238146. Online ahead of print.
Other studies
1. Pleus S, Beil A, Baumstark A, Haug C, Freckmann G. Plasma glucose concentrations in different sampling tubes measured on different glucose analysers. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2024 Feb 2. doi: 10.1055/a-2260-3715. Online ahead of print.
2. Jendrike N, Freckmann G, Krauß C, Mende J, Waldenmaier D, Heinemann L, Trippe ZA, Websky S. Evaluation of the Tolerability of a Steel Needle and an Adhesive for a Patch Pump. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2023 May 25; doi: 10.1177/19322968231176835.
3. Pleus S, Schauer S, Baumstark A, Beil A, Jendrike N, Link M, Zschornack E, Beltzer A, Haug C, Freckmann G. Differences in venous, capillary and interstitial glucose concentrations in individuals without diabetes after glucose load. J Med Lab. 2023 Apr 19: doi.org/10.1515/labmed -2023-0013.
4. Pors A, Rasmussen KG, Inglev R, Jendrike N, Philipps A, Ranjan AG, Vestergaard V, Henriksen JE, Norgaard K, Freckmann G, Hepp KD, Gerstenberg MC, Weber A. Accurate Post-Calibration Predictions for Noninvasive Glucose Measurements in People Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Sens. 2023 Mar 6. Doi: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02756.
5. Hermanns N, Ehrmann D, Finke-Gröne K, Roos T, Freckmann G, Kulzer B. Evaluation of a Digital Health Tool for Titration of Basal Insulin in People With Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale and Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2023 Jan 5;19322968221148756. doi: 10.1177/19322968221148756.
6. Waldenmaier D, Buck S, Pleus S, Beltzer A, Schauer S, Link M, Zschornack E, Jendrike N, Haug C, Freckmann G. Meal responses in people without diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Stoffw Herz 2023; 31:61–68.
7. Pleus S, Freckmann G, Baumstark A, Haug C. Stability of Glucose Concentrations in Frozen Plasma. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 Sep;16(5):1096-1100.
8. Buck S, Krauss C, Waldenmaier D, Liebing C, Jendrike N, Högel J, Pfeiffer BM, Haug C, Freckmann G. Evaluation of Meal Carbohydrate Counting Errors in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2022 Jul;130(7):475-483.
9. Baumstark A, Pleus S, Hartwig M, Freckmann G. Evaluation of Trueness and Precision of a Bench-Top Laboratory Glucose Analyzer Using Reference Materials. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 May;16(3):751-755.
10. Pleus S, Schauer S, Jendrike N, Zschornack E, Link M, Hepp KD, Haug C, Freckmann G. Proof of Concept for a New Raman-Based Prototype for Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021 Jan;15(1):11-18.
11. Kulzer B, Anderten H, Borck A, Freckmann G. Verbesserung der Blutzuckereinstellung und des Empowerments bei Patienten mit Diabetes durch Selbstkontrolle des HbA1-Werts - eine nicht interventionelle Studie. Diab Stoffw Herz 2020;29(1): 9-14.

More Publications

Review articles
Practical recommendations in which we were involved
1. Schlüter S, Deiss D, Gehr B, Lange K, von Sengbusch S, Thomas A, Ziegler R, Freckmann G. Glucose Monitoring and Control Testing in Patients with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024 Feb 19.doi 10.1055/a-2166-6668. Online ahead of print.
2. Pleus S, Tytko A, Landgraf R, Heinemann L, Werner C, Müller-Wieland D, Ziegler AG, Müller UA, Freckmann G, Kleinwechter H, Schleicher E, Nauck M, Petersmann A. Definition, Klassifikation, Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik des Diabetes mellitus: Update 2023. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2024 Feb 20. doi: 10.1055/a-2166-6643. Online ahead of print.
3. Schlüter S, Deiss D, Gehr B, Lange K, von Sengbusch S, Thomas A, Ziegler R, Freckmann G. Glukosemessung und -kontrolle bei Patienten mit Typ-1- oder Typ-2-Diabetes. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2023;18(S 02): S114-S135.
4. Pleus S, Tytko A, Landgraf R, Heinemann L, Werner C, Müller-Wieland D, Ziegler AG, Müller UA, Freckmann G, Kleinwechter H, Schleicher E, Nauck M, Petersmann A. Definition, Klassifikation, Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik des Diabetes mellitus: Update 2023. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2023; 18(S 02):S100-S113
5. Schlüter S, Deiss D, Gehr B, Lange K, von Sengbusch S, Thomas A, Ziegler R, Freckmann G. Glukosemessung und -kontrolle bei Patienten mit Typ-1- oder Typ-2-Diabetes. Diabetologie 2022;17(Suppl 2):S111-S132.
6. Landgraf R, Heinemann L, Schleicher E, Gerdes C, Petersmann A, Müller-Wieland D, Müller U, Freckmann G, Thaler M, Ziegler A, Kleinwechter H, Nauck M. Definition, Klassifikation, Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik des Diabetes mellitus: Update 2022. Diabetologie 2022;17(Suppl 2):S98-S110.
Standardization of CGM (IFCC WG-CGM)
Additional
1. Pleus S, Eichenlaub M, Waldenmaier D, Freckmann G. A Critical Discussion of Alert Evaluations in the Context of Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Performance. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 Mar 13:19322968241236504. doi: 10.1177/19322968241236504. Online ahead of print.
2. Eichenlaub M, Pleus S, Freckmann G. A Proposal for the Clinical Characterization of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Trend Arrow Accuracy. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 Feb 28 doi: 10.1177/19322968241232679. Online ahead of print.
3. Pleus S, Eichenlaub M, Waldenmaier D, Freckmann G. Even Head-to-Head Comparison Studies of Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Performance Can be Biased. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 Feb 24:19322968241235218. doi: 10.1177/19322968241235218. Online ahead of print.
4. Nauck M, Freckmann G, Heinemann L. Are You Using the Recommended Test Tubes for Glucose Measurement? New Guidelines for Pre-analytical Handling in Germany. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 Feb 7:19322968241228538. doi: 10.1177/19322968241228538. Online ahead of print.
5. Freckmann G, Waldenmaier D, Heinemann L. Head-to-Head Evaluation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Automated Insulin Delivery Systems: Why are They not Used More Systematically? J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2024 Jan 31:19322968241227976. doi: 10.1177/19322968241227976. Online ahead of print.
6. Kaiser P, Grote-Koska D, Freckmann G, Petersmann A, Nauck M, Heinemann L. Glukose-Messungen und Rili-BÄK: Anpassung der Akzeptanzgrenzen bei der internen und externen Qualitätskontrolle. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel 2023: doi: 10.1055/a-2170-5873.
7. Heinemann L, Scheper N, Freckmann G, Pleus S, Nauck M, Landgraf R, Schwarz R. Kommentar zu den Konsequenzen aus der „Befragung zur Güte der Glukosemessung in niedergelassenen diabetologischen Praxen basierend auf einer Strukturbefragung“. Diabetol. Stoffw. 2023: doi 10.1055/a-2096-7526.
8. Schwarz T, Scheper N, Freckmann G, Pleus S, Nauck M, Landgraf R, Heinmann L. Güte der Glukosemessung in niedergelassenen diabetologischen Praxen basierend auf einer Strukturbefragung. Diabetol. Stoffw. 2023: doi 10.1055/a-2096-2747.
9. Hermanns N, Ehrmann D, Finke-Groene K, Krichbaum M, Roos T, Haak T, Freckmann G, Kulzer B. Use of smartphone application versus written titration charts for basal insulin titration in adults with type 2 diabetes and suboptimal glycaemic control (My Dose Coach): multicentre, open-label, parallel, randomized controlled trial. The Lancet Regional Health -Europe 2023; 100702. doi.org/10.1016.
10. Freckmann G, Eichenlaub M, Waldenmaier D, Pleus S. Comment on Hochfellner et al. Accuracy Assessment of the GlucoMen Day CGM System in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. Biosensors 2022, 12, 106. Biosensors 2013, 13, 709.
11. Eichenlaub M, Stephan P, Waldenmaier D, Pleus S, Rothenbühler M, Haug C, Hinzmann R, Thomas A, Jendle J, Diem P, Freckmann G. Continuous Glucose Deviation Interval and Variability Analysis (CG-DIVA): A Novel Approach for the Statistical Accuracy Assessment of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 Nov 3:19322968221134639.
12. Pleus S, Eichenlaub M, Gerber T, Eriksson Boija E, Makris K, Haug C, Freckmann G. Improving the Bias of Comparator Methods in Analytical Performance Assessments Through Recalibration. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 Oct 22:19322968221133107.
13. Freckmann G, Heinemann L, Pleus S, Petersmann A, Kaiser P, Nauck M. Messqualität bei der Glukosemessung im Rahmen der Diabetesdiagnose und- therapie in Deutschland. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2022 Jun 20;147:407-413
14. Freckmann G, Baumstark A, Hinzmann R, Haug C, Pleus S. Comment on "Do We Need the Replacement of YSI 2300? A View from the Clinical Laboratory" by Spanou and Makris. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 May;16(3):790-791.
15. Klonoff DC, Wang J, Rodbard D, Kohn MA, Li C, Liepmann D, Kerr D, Ahn D, Peters AL, Umpierrez GE, Seley JJ, Xu NY, Nguyen KT, Simonson G, Agus MSD, Al-Sofiani ME, Armaiz-Pena G, Bailey TS, Basu A, Battelino T, Bekele SY, Benhamou PY, Bequette BW, Blevins A Glycemia Risk Index (GRI) of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Validated by Clinician Ratings. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 Mar 29:19322968221085273.
16. Eichenlaub M, Pleus S, Shaginian R, Richardson J, Pardo S, Stuhr A, Freckmann G. Impact of Blood Glucose Monitoring System Accuracy on Clinical Decision Making for Diabetes Management. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022 Feb 28:19322968221080916.
17. Freckmann G, Nichols JH, Hinzmann R, Klonoff DC, Ju Y, Diem P, Makris K, Slingerland RJ. Standardization process of continuous glucose monitoring: Traceability and performance. Clin Chim Acta. 2021 Apr;515:5-12.
18. Ziegler R, Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Schnell O, Hinzmann R, Kulzer B. Intermittent Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Expanding the Clinical Value of CGM. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021 May;15(3):684-694.
19. Kress S, Anderten H, Borck A, Freckmann G, Heinemann L, Holzmüller U, Kulzer B, Portele A, Schnell O, Varlemann H, Zemmrich C, Lobmann R. Preulcerous Risk Situation in Diabetic Foot Syndrome: Proposal for a Simple Ulcer Prevention Score. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021 Jul;15(4):816-826.
20. Auzanneau M, Rosenbauer J, Maier W, von Sengbusch S, Hamann J, Kapellen T, Freckmann G, Schmidt S, Lilienthal E, Holl RW. Heterogeneity of Access to Diabetes Technology Depending on Area Deprivation and Demographics Between 2016 and 2019 in Germany. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021 Sep;15(5):1059-1068.
21. Freckmann G, Buck S, Waldenmaier D, Zschornack E, Link M, Jendrike N, Obstfelder I, Vetrugno S, Kamann S, Haug C. Skin Reaction Report Form: Development and Design of a Standardized Report Form for Skin Reactions Due to Medical Devices for Diabetes Management. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021 Jul;15(4):801-806.
22. Eichenlaub M, Saccomani MP, Hattersley JG, Khovanova NA. Comment on “Minimal and Maximal Models to Quantitate Glucose Metabolism: Tools to Measure, to Simulate and to Run in Silico Clinical Trials”. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021.
23. Thomas A, Freckmann G. Wie valide ist für Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes der Einsatz von Diabetestechnologie? Diabetes Stoffw Herz 2021;30:244–251.
24. Pleus S, Kaiser P, Haug C. Glukosemessmethoden und ihr Einsatz, Qualitätssicherung und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen bei Laboranalyse-, POCT- und CGM-Systemen. Diabetes aktuell 2021; 19: 8-13.
25. Freckmann G, Buck S, Waldenmaier D, Haug C. Methoden der Stoffwechselkontrolle – HbA1c versus „time in range“. Diabetologe 2021 17:223–234
26. Petersen B, Vesper I, Pachwald B, Dagenbach N, Buck S, Waldenmaier D, Heinemann L. Diabetes management intervention studies: lessons learned from two studies. Trials. 2021 Jan 18;22(1):61.
27. Tytko A, Schlüter S, Freckman G. Diabetesdiagnostik in der Praxis. Diabetes aktuell 2020; 18: 316–322.
28. Thomas A, Kolassa R. Messwertunterschiede und Messgenauigkeit von Systemen zum kontinuierlichen Glukosemonitoring. Diabetes aktuell 2020; 18: 336–341.
29. Baumstark A, Jendrike N. Blutzuckerselbstmessung – wie kann ein korrekter Wert erzielt werden? Diabetes aktuell 2020; 18: 323–327.
30. Blödt S, Brüggemann M, Freckmann G, Haase D, Heinemann L, Hoffmüller P, Hunfeld K, Klar E, Meisel C, Müller C, Nothacker M, Rabenaus H, Sachs U, Spitzenberger, F Stenzinger A, Vogeser M, Weichert W, Weinstock C, Zimmermann S. Europäische Verordnung über In-vitro-Diagnostika (IVDR) – Hinweis der Sektion „In-vitro-Diagnostik (IVD)“ der Ad-hoc-Kommission „Bewertung von Medizinprodukten“ der AWMF an alle Ärzte, die Labordiagnostik betreiben. GMS Zeitschrift zur Förderung der Qualitätssicherung in medizinischen Laboratorien. 2020;11.
31. Freckmann G, Buck S, Waldenmaier D, Zschornack E, Link M, Jendrike N, Obstfelder I, Vetrugno S, Kamann S, Haug C. Befundbogen zum Erfassen von Hautreaktionen im Diabetesmanagement. Diab Stoffw Herz 2020;29(4):217-222.
32. Buck S, Waldenmaier D, Haug C, Freckmann G, Rendschmidt T, Künsting T. Entwicklung einer neuen Patch-Pumpe für die Insulintherapie. Diab Stoffw Herz 2020;29(3):159-163.
33. Galindo RJ, Umpierrez GE, Rushakoff RJ, Basu A, Lohnes S, Nichols JH, Spanakis EK, Espinoza J, Palermo NE, Awadjie DG, Bak L, Buckingham B, Cook CB, Freckmann G, Heinemann L, Hovorka R, Mathioudakis N, Newman T, O'Neal DN, Rickert M, Sacks DB, Seley JJ, W Continuous Glucose Monitors and Automated Insulin Dosing Systems in the Hospital Consensus Guideline. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Nov;14(6):1035-1064.
34. Han J, Heinemann L, Ginsberg BH, Alva S, Appel M, Bess S, Chen KY, Freckmann G, Harris DR, Hartwig M, Hinzmann R, Kerr D, Krouwer J, Morrow L, Nichols J, Pfützner A, Pleus S, Rice M, Sacks DB, Schlueter K, Vesper HW, Klonoff DC. The YSI 2300 Analyzer Replacement Meeting Report. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 May;14(3):679-686.
35. Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Müller-Wieland D, Kellerer M. Critical Reappraisal of the Time-in-Range: Alternative or Useful Addition to Glycated Hemoglobin? J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Sep;14(5):922-927.
36. Ulbrich S, Waldenmaier D, Haug C, Freckmann G, Rendschmidt T, Künsting T. Concept and Implementation of a Novel Patch Pump for Insulin Delivery. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Mar;14(2):324-327.
37. Heinemann L, Schoemaker M, Schmelzeisen-Redecker G, Hinzmann R, Kassab A, Freckmann G, Reiterer F, Del Re L. Benefits and Limitations of MARD as a Performance Parameter for Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Interstitial Space. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Jan;14(1):135-150.
38. Freckmann G, Pleus S, Baumstark A. Comment on "accuracy and precision of four main glucometers used in a sub-Saharan African country: a cross-sectional study" by Choukem et al. Pan Afr Med J. 2019 Jul 30;33:271.
39. Pleus S, Kamecke U, Waldenmaier D, Freckmann G. Reporting Insulin Pump Accuracy: Trumpet Curves According to IEC 60601-2-24 and Beyond. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2019 May;13(3):592-596.
40. Heinemann L, Stuhr A, Brown A, Freckmann G, Breton MD, Russell S, Heinemann L. Self-measurement of Blood Glucose and Continuous Glucose Monitoring - Is There Only One Future? Eur Endocrinol. 2018 Sep;14(2):24-29.
41. Heinemann L, Kaiser P, Freckmann G, Grote-Koska D, Kerner W, Landgraf R, Merker L, Müller UA, Müller-Wieland D, Roth J, Spannagl M, Wallaschofski H, Nauck M. Higher HbA1c Measurement Quality Standards are Needed for Follow-Up and Diagnosis: Experience and Analyses from Germany. Horm Metab Res. 2018 Oct;50(10):e5.
42. Landgraf R, Nauck M, Freckmann G, Müller UA, Heinemann L, Kellerer M, Müller-Wieland D. Fallstricke bei der Diabetesdiagnostik: Wird zu lax mit Laborwerten umgegangen? Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2018 Oct;143(21):1549-1555.
43. Schrangl P, Reiterer F, Heinemann L, Freckmann G, Del Re L. Limits to the Evaluation of the Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems by Clinical Trials. Biosensors (Basel). 2018 May 18;8(2):50.
44. Pleus S, Heinemann L, Freckmann G. Blood Glucose Monitoring Data Should Be Reported in Detail When Studies About Efficacy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Are Published J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2018 Sep;12(5):1061-1063.

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